25. 09. 2026 Demografie, revue pro výzkum populačního vývoje - č. 3/2026

Olga Gagauz – Mariana Buciuceanu-Vrabie

Demografie, 68(3): 151–166
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0382

Abstract
Rapid ageing and sustained depopulation are reshaping the conditions under which societies maintain economic activity, social provision and institutional capacity. The study develops a conceptual framework for demographic resilience in contexts where population decline is not a temporary deviation but a long-term structural condition. The article defines resilience as the capacity of socio-demographic systems to maintain core societal functions under shrinking and ageing population structures. The framework links four interacting dimensions: economic adaptation; social and care provision; human capital formation and retention; and institutional capacity for anticipatory governance, policy coordination, and adaptive implementation. Methodologically, the article is based on a conceptual synthesis of resilience theory, demographic transition research and depopulation studies, complemented by an illustrative case study of Moldova. The article contributes to demographic debate by shifting attention from reversing decline to assessing how societies can adapt to persistent demographic constraints while preserving equity, service access and governance capacity.

Keywords
demographic resilience, depopulation, population ageing, adaptive governance

Kateřina Procházková

Demografie, 68(3): 167–181
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0386

Abstract
This study evaluates subjective health and identifies its key demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle determinants within the Czech working-age population (16–64 years) using weighted data from the 2022 EU-SILC survey (N = 8,141). Binary logistic regression models reveal that lower education, economic inactivity, material deprivation, and subjective social deficits significantly increase the odds of poor self-rated health and activity limitations. Gender patterns vary across health dimensions, while poor health among non-drinkers is likely driven by a combination of health selection and sociocultural factors, rather than direct behavioural protective effects.

Keywords
SRH, GALI, demographic factors, social and economic capital, lifestyle, working-age population, Czechia

Ján Golian – Piotr Rachwał – Grażyna Liczbińska

Demografie, 68(3): 182–205
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0389

Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive historical demographic analysis of the parish of Detva, located in present-day Slovakia, covering the period 1781–1920. It aims to reconstruct long-term population dynamics and assess the determinants of demographic change in a rural Central European setting, where systematic census data are limited. Parish registers of births, deaths, and marriages serve as the primary sources, with a total of 58,551 baptisms and 39,032 deaths analysed to reconstruct population dynamics. The study applies the inverse projection method, enabling the estimation of population size, age structure, fertility, mortality, and other key demographic indicators in a context where census data are incomplete or unavailable.
The results reveal that the parish experienced gradual population growth, punctuated by periods of crisis caused by epidemics, famine, economic instability, and emigration. Crude Birth and Death Rates, along with Gross and Net Reproduction Rates (GRR and NRR), indicate sustained generational replacement, with fertility remaining high until the late 19th century and only declining under the influence of economic and wartime crises. Life expectancy at birth (e_0) remained relatively low, averaging around 32 years, reflecting high mortality among children and the elderly before the demographic transition. The age structure was dominated by children and young adults, while the oldest age groups were consistently underrepresented due to high mortality. These findings suggest that the demographic regime of Detva remained largely pre-transitional well into the late 19th century, with only partial and delayed responses to broader socio-economic transformations. This research highlights the complex interplay of economic, social, and epidemiological factors in shaping population dynamics in a rural Slovak parish. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of historical demographic processes in Central Europe and demonstrate the value of parish registers and model-based reconstructions for studying populations in pre-statistical periods.

Keywords
inverse projection method, demographic reconstruction, vital rates, life expectancy, age structure, historical population studies

Tomáš Katrňák – Laura Fónadová

Demografie, 68(3): 208–223
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0394

Abstract
The text compares the Roma population with the non-Roma population in the Czech Republic using data from the 2021 Census. The authors distinguish four definitions of the Roma population: based on Roma nationality, based on the native Romani language, based on a combination of Roma nationality and the Romani language, and based on a broader combination of either Roma nationality or the Romani language. These four groups are compared both to each other and with the non-Roma population, which is defined as individuals who neither declared Roma nationality nor reported Romani as their native language. The analysis includes basic demographic indicators and housing conditions for all the observed populations. In addition, the most broadly defined Roma population (based on nationality or language) is compared to the non-Roma population based on the municipality size of their residence place. The authors also explore the regional distribution of this broadly defined Roma population across the Czech Republic. The results show significant differences between the Roma and majority populations. The Roma population displays distinct characteristics compared to the non-Roma population. Furthermore, differences are also present within the Roma population itself, depending on the definition used to delineate it.

Keywords
Roma population, population census, Czech Republic, demographic characteristics, regional distribution

Jana Koukalová

Demografie, 68(3): 224–245
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0399

Abstract
The article describes demographic development in Czechia during 2025 and sets it in the context of the last decade. The study focuses on the main demographic processes: fertility, mortality, nuptiality, the divorce rate, and migration. In 2025, the population in Czechia grew as a result of positive net international migration. The population continued to age. The number of live births was the lowest ever in the history of statistical surveys and remained lower than the number of deaths. Life expectancy at birth again reached a slightly higher value than in previous years for both sexes and is the highest it has ever been. The number of marriages was the lowest since the end of World War I, while the number of divorces increased slightly year-on-year. The volume of international migration remained at a high level in 2025.

Keywords
demographic development, population, age structure, nuptiality, divorce, fertility, mortality, migration, Czechia